IUPAC Nomenclature

IUPAC Nomenclature is a system for naming organic molecules, created by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Its goal is to provide a unique name to every unique molecule.

The general pattern for naming molecules involves designation of a "parent" chain, and subsequently affixing names for the groups attached to that chain.

As an example, the molecules pictured would be named octane, 2-chlorooctane, 2-chloro-4-methyloctane, and 2-chloro-4-methyloctanoic acid, from top to bottom.
IUPAC Nomenclature